Berkeleyan

Somewhere on I-880, between Hayward and Fremont, they drove into the future (then came right back)

By Sarah Yang, Public Affairs | 13 February 2008

Last Friday, researchers from the campus joined with their counterparts from Nokia, the Finnish telecommunications giant, in a test of technology that could soon transform the way drivers navigate through congested highways and obtain information about road conditions.

In the unprecedented field experiment, transportation researchers tested the feasibility of using GPS-enabled mobile phones to monitor real-time traffic flow while preserving the privacy of the phones' users.

A car driven by a Berkeley student carrying a GPS-enabled cell phone heads out on its 10-mile roundtrip. The data sent back created a nearly real-time picture of traffic flow. (Paul Kirchner Studios photo)

In the experiment, dubbed "Mobile Century" and primarily funded by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), 100 vehicles were deployed onto a 10-mile stretch of I-880 between Hayward and Fremont for seven hours. Each car was equipped with a Nokia N95 mobile phone that ran special software to periodically send anonymous speed readings from the integrated GPS to servers that then computed traffic conditions. Information was displayed on the internet, allowing viewers to visualize traffic in real time. An independent tracking feature allowed the command center set up in Union City to track the position of the cars to coordinate the experiment and ensure the safety of the participants.

Using the GPS data to estimate prevailing speeds and travel times, researchers were able to obtain a picture of real-time traffic conditions. Current traffic-monitoring systems primarily rely upon pavement-embedded sensors, roadside radar, or cameras. The high cost of installing and maintaining such systems has restricted their coverage to limited stretches of highway.

"For state transportation agencies such as Caltrans, tapping into the vast network of cell phones on the road could one day reduce costs of investing in expensive infrastructure to obtain traffic information," says Randell Iwasaki, Caltrans' chief deputy director. "This will greatly expand the coverage of traffic-information services so motorists can better plan their trips right on their cell phones."

GPS-based systems can accurately pinpoint a car's location within a few meters and calculate traveling speed to within 3 miles per hour. Incorporating GPS-equipped cell phones into traffic-monitoring systems could help provide information on everything from multiple side-street routes in urban areas to hazardous driving conditions or accidents on vast stretches of rural roads, the researchers say.

The Mobile Century traffic project brings together research teams from Berkeley and the Nokia Research Center in Palo Alto, interacting through Berkeley's California Center for Innovative Transportation (CCIT). These teams are jointly developing the algorithms, software, and architecture of this GPS-based traffic-monitoring system. Heading the teams are Alexandre Bayen, a Berkeley assistant professor of systems engineering and of civil and environmental engineering, and Quinn Jacobson, Nokia Research Center research leader.

"There are cell-phone-based systems out there that can collect data in a variety of ways, such as measuring signal strength from towers and triangulating positions," says Thomas West, director of Berkeley's CCIT. "But this is the first demonstration of this scale using GPS-enabled mobile phones to provide traffic-related data such as travel times, and with a deliberate focus on critical deployment factors such as bandwidth costs and personal privacy issues."

The goal of last week's experiment was not only to test the efficiency of the traffic-data-collection and -aggregation system, but to evaluate the trade-offs between traffic-estimation accuracy, personal privacy, and data-collection costs.

"Even though the phones are capable of sending their position and speed every three seconds, an efficient traffic-monitoring system should not need to transfer such a large amount of data, which would require enormous bandwidth," says Bayen. "Our challenge is to find the optimum subset of this data for effective traffic monitoring. The quantity and quality of data provided by GPS-equipped cell phones present an unprecedented enhancement to mobility-tracking technology and traffic-flow-reconstruction mechanisms."

Such a powerful system brings up serious questions about cell-phone users' privacy, which is why the researchers, with the help of Rutgers University's Winlab, have focused much of the project on mechanisms to protect that privacy.

"Mobile-device users control the service," says Nokia's Jacobson. "If an individual does not want his or her device to transmit position data, he or she can turn off the GPS feed. In addition, data is immediately disassociated from the phone and combined with the general stream of traffic data. Only anonymous aggregated data is ever created, transported, or stored in this 'privacy-by-design' system. All data is further protected by banking-grade encryption."

Looking toward the future, Jacobson adds: "Integration of traffic information with functions such as calendar and online timetables may one day mean the mobile device can act as a personal travel planner."

There is currently no projected date for commercial launch of such a system, but when it does become available, its benefits could be huge. In the United States alone, traffic congestion leads to 4.2 billion hours in extra travel time and an extra 2.9 billion gallons of fuel burned, for a total annual cost of $78 billion, according to a 2007 report from the Texas Transportation Institute. With the number of vehicles on the road increasing rapidly around the world, a cost-effective method of travel planning could help drivers make smarter decisions about which routes to take, the researchers say.

The investigators point out that their research is ongoing, and that upcoming experiments may focus on thousands of cars - not necessarily on the road all at once - with participants carrying test phones on their regular commutes.

This research project between Berkeley and the Nokia Research Center was born of collaborative efforts by UC Berkeley's Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS) and Tekes, a Finnish government funding agency. Both CITRIS and Tekes foster partnerships between universities, research institutes, and industry to speed technological innovation to consumers.