Berkeleyan

Grad-student 'lawyers with cameras' help rehabilitate Mexican 'justice'

A legal system under which defendants rarely see a judge, or understand the proceedings against them, is ripe for reform

By Cathy Cockrell, Public Affairs | 03 December 2008

BERKELEY — Shortly before leaving Mexico City to begin graduate work at Berkeley in 2006, lawyers Layda Negrete and Roberto Hernández got a desperate phone call. The couple had become well known for their efforts to reform the criminal-justice system in their country, where trials are not public and the accused are not assumed to be innocent. Now, a breakdancer and street vendor named Antonio "Toño" Zúñiga was on the phone, pleading for their help. He'd been arrested and charged with first-degree murder. Zúñiga claimed, and the facts suggested, that he had nothing to do with the crime.

As planned, Hernández and Negrete left for Berkeley to study for Ph.D.s in public policy — but not before agreeing to look into the case, which soon took a turn worthy of a TV cop drama. In the library at the School of Law, while examining a document from the young man's file, Hernández intuited (correctly, it turned out) that the "defense lawyer" had forged his license. When Zúñiga was later convicted (with a 20-year sentence), they won a retrial based on this fortuitous discovery.

Remarkably, the young "lawyers with cameras," as they call themselves, also were granted permission to film the judicial retrial in a Mexico City courtroom. "We got access to the court with four cameras…. It was a miracle!" says Negrete. "And then we did interviews with all the witnesses."

They used the footage, eventually, to make a 90-minute documentary revealing standard practices in Mexico's courts and prisons. In Presumed Guilty — a "side project" as they earn their Ph.D.s and raise their five-year-old daughter — Hernández and Negrete, both in their 30s, tell the remarkable story of the tribulations of one man, and of the deeply flawed system in which he became ensnared.

In Mexico, says Hernández, "there is no constitutional or appellate remedy for most basic due-process violations. In the rare event that a trial is nullified, you get a retrial with the same judge who may have already convicted you. One could say that Presumed Guilty is a story about our struggle against those odds."

Shot and produced with support from nonprofit organizations in Mexico, the U.S., and Europe, the new film debuted last week at the 21st International Documentary Film Festival, in Amsterdam (idfa.nl/en/festival.aspx).

Ringside views of trial procedures

When the couple met seven years ago, Negrete was doing research for a prestigious Mexican think tank, Hernández for a U.S. organization that supports judicial reform. Their work afforded them inside access to the court system — otherwise off-limits to the Mexican public — and they began to compare notes about stranger-than-fiction moments to which they were witness.

Mexico's 90-percent criminal-conviction rate, they learned, rests atop a mountain of policies and procedures that favor the prosecution. Negrete notes that even the architecture of the judicial system favors a "guilty" verdict. Criminal courts are physically attached to prisons. When it's time to go to trial (three months in pre-trial detention is average, they say), the defendant navigates an underground tunnel to a small room separated from the courtroom by bars. It's from there, dressed in prison garb, that the defendant literally "stands" trial, sometimes for six or seven hours at a stretch, with no chair and no access to a bathroom, in the stench left by those before them who have had to relieve themselves on site.

Often a prosecutor is attached to a court and litigates each and every case that comes before it — developing, in the process, a close relationship with both the public defender and the judge. On one occasion the researchers were invited to celebrate a prosecutor's birthday, and everyone, the judge included, gathered around the cake to sing. "No, this can't be possible!" Negrete recalls thinking, as she watched the defendant look on from his "little hole" at the edge of the room.

The two lawyers' quantitative research, meanwhile, yielded "data points" such as these: From a random sample of 1,500 defendants, roughly 80 percent said they had never seen a judge; 60 percent said that they either couldn't hear or couldn't understand all or most of their own trial proceedings.

"We were proud of our numbers," recalls Negrete, as the research data made a strong case for reform. Or so they believed. The powers that be remained unmoved. For Negrete and Hernández, it was time to take another tack. "We sold our car and bought a camera," recalls Negrete. "We decided to make a movie." They began to visit Mexican jails, "hunting for small anecdotes that would back up our statistics."

Mobilizing support

When they found those stories — Zúñiga's most notably — they used them to bring attention to a growing national campaign for judicial reform. Hernandez was invited to Chile to observe the judicial reform it had instituted after the fall of the Pinochet dictatorship. "It was the most successful in Latin America," notes Negrete. "It had momentum and brains and money."

Working with a national network of judicial-reform activists, they made presentations to Mexico's movers and shakers (using video on Chilean reforms as a point of contrast), were interviewed on CNN's Spanish-language channel, and uploaded to YouTube an initial video, a 20-minute documentary called El Túnel (www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8HQ4XtE7jQ), which so far has been viewed close to 50,000 times. On the popular site's comment section, one viewer responded in Spanish: "Roberto, I was speechless, my throat closed up, my heart hurt, I let out a cry, … but this video is worth the world in gold."

This June, Mexican President Felipe Calderón signed a constitutional amendment for sweeping judicial reforms, which Negrete describes as "a very strange combination of Patriot Act and very liberal human-rights pieces." Hernández was instrumental in the incorporation of the latter elements — borrowing language from international agreements to which Mexico is signatory, then working through Negrete's mother, a member of the Mexican Congress, to move the language through key committees. With the new amendment, Mexico, for the first time, is to have public trials and a presumption of innocence.

"Is it not unbelievable," he asks, "that inserting presumption of innocence into our constitution was still, in 2008, a matter of huge controversy?" Now the challenge, Hernández believes, is to implement the amendment's due-process procedures throughout the land. "I do not believe people understand presumption of innocence yet," he says.